References and citations

Annotated Works Cited

Historical Sources — Nazi Germany 1933–1939

“Enabling Act.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 25 Feb. 2025, www.britannica.com/topic/Enabling-Act.

ANNOTATION: Provides an authoritative overview of the 1933 Enabling Act, the legal turning point that allowed Hitler to govern without parliamentary consent, used as a parallel to Trump’s pursuit of expanded executive powers.

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“Enabling Act of 1933.” EBSCO Research Starters, www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/enabling-act-1933.

ANNOTATION: Summarizes historical background, key provisions, and political consequences of the Enabling Act, illustrating the process of consolidating authoritarian control.

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“Gleichschaltung: Coordinating the Nazi State.” Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/gleichschaltung-coordinating-the-nazi-state.

ANNOTATION: Explains how the Nazis systematically took over all aspects of society, an important historical analogy to Trump’s efforts to bring agencies, courts, and media under political control.

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“Kritallnacht.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 8 Nov. 2019, www.history.com/articles/kristallnacht.

ANNOTATION: Describes the 1938 pogrom against Jews, highlighting how state-sanctioned violence served as a signal of full authoritarian impunity — a projected warning stage in Trump’s timeline.

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“Nuremberg Race Laws.” Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-nuremberg-race-laws.

ANNOTATION: Outlines the 1935 laws institutionalizing racial hierarchy in Nazi Germany, providing a direct comparison to modern policy proposals that legally downgrade targeted populations.

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“The Nuremberg Laws.” The National WWII Museum, www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/nuremberg-laws.

ANNOTATION: Adds further detail on how the Nuremberg Laws redefined citizenship and rights — echoing potential U.S. legal strategies to strip rights from immigrants and other groups.

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“Night of the Long Knives.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 27 June 2024, www.britannica.com/event/Night-of-the-Long-Knives.

ANNOTATION: Concise summary of the 1934 purge consolidating Hitler’s control, used to draw parallels to possible political and administrative purges under Trump.

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“Night of the Long Knives.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 27 June 2019, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/june-30/night-of-the-long-knives.

ANNOTATION: Narrative account of the purge, demonstrating how legal systems can be bent to retroactively justify unlawful power grabs.

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“Reichstag Fire.” Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-reichstag-fire.

ANNOTATION: Documents how the 1933 fire was used to declare a state of emergency, a critical historical parallel to Trump’s use of crises to expand presidential authority.

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“Reichstag Fire.” Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_fire.

ANNOTATION: Provides general background and timeline of the event, useful for mapping to similar emergency-pretext tactics in modern politics.

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Contemporary U.S. Sources — Trump Administration 2024–2025

“Ending Crime and Disorder on America’s Streets.” The White House, 24 July 2025, www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/07/ending-crime-and-disorder-on-americas-streets.

ANNOTATION: Primary source text of Trump’s executive order on homelessness and civil commitment, used to show contemporary steps toward criminalizing vulnerable populations.

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Green, Matthew. “Trump’s Executive Order Criminalizes Homelessness.” The Guardian, 24 July 2025, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/jul/24/trump-homelessness-executive-order.

ANNOTATION: Details the provisions of the homelessness order, including its coercive and punitive measures, which echo authoritarian “status-based” legal restrictions.

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Green, Matthew. “Trump Orders Cities to Criminalize Homelessness.” The Guardian, 7 Aug. 2025, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/aug/07/trumps-criminalize-homelessness-executive-order.

ANNOTATION: Updates on the enforcement push behind the homelessness order, indicating the normalization of federal-local coordinated crackdowns.

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“Project 2025.” Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_2025.

ANNOTATION: Explains the conservative policy blueprint to restructure the federal government, central to the “Gleichschaltung” stage in the Trump projection.

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“Project 2025: The People’s Guide.” Democracy Forward, democracyforward.org/the-peoples-guide-to-project-2025.

ANNOTATION: Activist-oriented breakdown of Project 2025, showing its plans for personnel purges, loyalty tests, and dismantling of independent agencies.

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“Project 2025: Explained.” American Civil Liberties Union, www.aclu.org/project-2025-explained.

ANNOTATION: Civil liberties analysis of Project 2025’s threats to democracy, used to underline how Trump’s second-term agenda aligns with authoritarian consolidation.

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Savage, Charlie. “Supreme Court Grants Trump, Future Presidents, Broad Immunity for Official Acts.” The New York Times, 1 July 2024, www.nytimes.com/2024/07/01/us/politics/trump-supreme-court-immunity.html.

ANNOTATION: Covers the immunity decision that removes a major legal check on presidential abuses, comparable to Nazi-era legal retroactivity.

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“Trump v. United States.” Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_v._United_States.

ANNOTATION: Summarizes the immunity case’s scope and implications for executive accountability.

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“Trump’s Homeless Crackdown Targets DC.” Reuters, 10 Aug. 2025, www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-wants-evict-homeless-washington-send-them-far-capital-2025-08-10.

ANNOTATION: News reporting on Trump’s plan to forcibly remove unhoused people from the capital, illustrating escalation toward militarized “public order” enforcement.

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Williams, Pete. “Supreme Court Rules Trump Has Some Immunity.” SCOTUSblog, 1 July 2024, www.scotusblog.com/2024/07/justices-rule-trump-has-some-immunity-from-prosecution.

ANNOTATION: Legal analysis of the immunity ruling, highlighting how it broadens presidential discretion to act outside normal constraints.

Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Org. — 2022 • 6–3 (5–4 on overturning Roe)
Ended the federal constitutional right to abortion by overruling Roe and Casey; states may ban abortion. Seen as a seismic rollback of rights and bodily autonomy.  

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N.Y. State Rifle & Pistol Ass’n v. Bruen — 2022 • 6–3
Struck down New York’s “proper cause” requirement for public carry; adopted a history-only test that endangers many gun-safety laws.  

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West Virginia v. EPA — 2022 • 6–3
Curbed EPA authority to shift the power grid away from coal via the “major questions” doctrine, limiting federal climate action.  

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Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard/UNC -2023 • 6–3
Ended race-conscious admissions under the Equal Protection Clause/Title VI, with sweeping effects on higher ed and DEI fights.  

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303 Creative LLC v. Elenis — 2023 • 6–3
Held that a web designer could refuse to create same-sex wedding sites on free-speech grounds, narrowing public-accommodations laws’ reach.

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Biden v. Nebraska — 2023 • 6–3
Blocked Biden’s pandemic-era student-debt cancellation as beyond HEROES Act authority, affecting tens of millions of borrowers.  

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Trump v. United States — 2024 • 6–3
Announced broad criminal immunity for a president’s “official acts” (absolute for core powers; presumptive for others), remanding to sort the rest — widely criticized for elevating the presidency above the law.  

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Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo — 2024 • 6–3
Overruled Chevron deference; courts no longer defer to reasonable agency interpretations of ambiguous statutes, shifting power from agencies to judges.  

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SEC v. Jarkesy — 2024 • 6–3
Required jury trials when SEC seeks civil penalties for fraud, hobbling agency use of in-house tribunals.  

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City of Grants Pass v. Johnson — 2024 • 6–3
Allowed cities to enforce public-camping bans even when shelters are unavailable, green-lighting criminalization of homelessness.  

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Fischer v. United States — 2024 • 6–3
Narrowed the Jan. 6 obstruction statute (§1512(c)(2)) to evidence-impairment, affecting many prosecutions.  

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Garland v. Cargill — 2024 • 6–3
Struck down ATF’s bump-stock ban; held bump-stock rifles aren’t “machineguns” under the statute.  

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Murthy v. Missouri — 2024 • 6–3
Dismissed “jawboning” claims for lack of standing; eased immediate limits on federal officials communicating with platforms about misinformation (still contentious).  

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Alexander v. South Carolina State Conf. of the NAACP — 2024 • 6–3
Upheld a congressional map against racial-gerrymander claims, raising the bar for challenging racially discriminatory districting.  

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Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee — 2021 • 6–3
Narrowed Voting Rights Act §2 claims; upheld Arizona limits on out-of-precinct ballots and ballot collection.

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Cedar Point Nursery v. Hassid — 2021 • 6–3
Held that a California rule granting union organizers limited access to farms is a per se taking, strengthening property-rights claims against labor access.  

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Trump v. Hawaii — 2018 • 5–4
Upheld the third version of Trump’s travel ban affecting several Muslim-majority nations; widely seen as validating religiously discriminatory policy.  

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Janus v. AFSCME — 2018 • 5–4
Barred public-sector unions from collecting agency fees from nonmembers, weakening union finances and bargaining power.  

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Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis — 2018 • 5–4
Approved mandatory individual arbitration and class-action waivers in employment, limiting workers’ collective litigation.  

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Rucho v. Common Cause — 2019 • 5–4
Declared partisan-gerrymandering claims non-justiciable in federal court, removing a key check on extreme map-drawing.  

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Seila Law LLC v. CFPB — 2020 • 5–4
Struck down for-cause protection for the CFPB’s single director, expanding presidential control over independent agencies.  

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Department of Commerce v. New York — 2019 • 5–4 (Roberts with liberals)
Blocked adding a census citizenship question due to pretextual reasoning — a rare case cutting against the Trump administration, still deeply politicized.  

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Citizens United v. FEC — 2010 • 5–4
Allowed unlimited independent election spending by corporations and unions, ushering in the Super-PAC era and “dark money” politics.  

Reference Page

Executive Orders (2025):

• EO 14288 (“Strengthening and Unleashing…”), April 28, 2025  
• EO 14287 (“Protecting American Communities from Criminal Aliens”), April 28, 2025  
• EO 14159 (“Protecting the American People Against Invasion”), Jan 20, 2025  

Project 2025 Overview:

• Heritage Foundation–based intent to reshape executive power, eliminate DEI, reshape federal governance  

ICE Expansion:

• ICE budget increase from $8B to $28B; goal of 10,000 new agents

Works Cited

American Immigration Lawyers Association. “HSI SACs Urge DHS Secretary to Make HSI and ERO Separate Entities.” AILA.org, 28 June 2018, www.aila.org/ice-letter-dhs-hsi-ero-separate-entities.

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Bennett, Brian, and Reade Levinson. “Trump’s ICE Arrests of Non-Criminals Soar Despite Crime-Focused Message.” Reuters, 13 June 2025, www.reuters.com/world/us/trumps-ice-arrests-non-criminals-despite-crime-focused-message-2025-06-13.

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Bennett, Brian, and Ted Hesson. “Thousands of U.S. Agents Diverted to Trump’s Immigration Crackdown.” Reuters, 22 Mar. 2025, www.reuters.com/world/us/thousands-agents-diverted-trump-immigration-crackdown-2025-03-22.

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Hesson, Ted, and Mica Rosenberg. “U.S. Immigration Detention Maxed Out at 47,600 Detainees, ICE Official Says.” Reuters, 12 Mar. 2025, www.reuters.com/world/us/us-immigration-detention-maxed-out-47600-detainees-ice-official-says-2025-03-12.

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Nakashima, Ellen. “Seeking Split from ICE, Agents Say Trump’s Immigration Crackdown Hurts Investigations, Morale.” The Washington Post, 28 June 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/seeking-split-from-ice-agents-say-trumps-immigration-crackdown-hurts-investigations-morale/2018/06/28/7bb6995e-7ada-11e8-8df3-007495a78738_story.html.

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Tucker, Ian. “Senator Wyden Says HSI Should Focus on Child Sexual Abuse, Not Deportations.” Wired, 19 Mar. 2025, www.wired.com/story/senator-wyden-hsi-immigration-csam.

Works Cited

Ballotpedia. Executive Order: Strengthening and Unleashing America’s Law Enforcement to Pursue Criminals and Protect Innocent Citizens (Donald Trump, 2025). Ballotpedia, 2025. 

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Congressional/White House materials. Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Strengthens America’s Law Enforcement to Pursue Criminals and Protect Innocent Citizens. The White House, 28 Apr. 2025. 

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Council on Civil–Rights Justice Reform (CCR). “Explanation of Trump’s Policing Executive Order.” CCRjustice.org, 22 May 2025. 

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Legislative Alert. Executive Order 14240: Unleashing America’s Law Enforcement. International Assoc. of Chiefs of Police (IACP), 2025. 

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Reuters. “Trump Signs Order Requiring List of Sanctuary Cities, Enhancing Protections for Law Enforcement.” Reuters, 28 Apr. 2025. 

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The Guardian. “Trump Signs Executive Order Requiring List of Sanctuary Cities and States.” The Guardian, 28 Apr. 2025. 

Works Cited

“Banned in the USA: Beyond the Shelves.” PEN America, 1 Nov. 2024, pen.org/report/beyond-the-shelves/.

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“Banned in the USA: The Growing Movement to Censor Books in Schools.” PEN America, 2025, pen.org/book-bans/.

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“PEN America Index of School Book Bans – 2023–2024.” PEN America, 2024, pen.org/book-bans/pen-america-index-of-school-book-bans-2023-2024/.

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Quinton, Sophie. “13 States with Republican Governors Opt Out of Summer Food Program for Kids.” Stateline, 27 June 2024, stateline.org/2024/06/27/13-states-with-republican-governors-opt-out-of-summer-food-program-for-kids/.

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“2024 SUN Bucks (Summer EBT) Implementing States, Territories, and Tribes.” U.S. Department of Agriculture, 4 June 2025, fns.usda.gov/sebt/implementation.

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“Trump Budget Would Slash WIC Fruit and Vegetable Benefits for Millions.” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 3 June 2025, cbpp.org/research/food-assistance/trump-budget-would-slash-wic-fruit-and-vegetable-benefits-for-millions.

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“How Medicaid and SNAP Cutbacks in the ‘One Big Beautiful Bill’ Would Trigger Job Losses.” Commonwealth Fund, 23 June 2025, commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2025/jun/how-medicaid-and-snap-cutbacks-one-big-beautiful-bill-would

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“House Committee Approves 25% Cut to Title I.” K-12 Dive, 11 July 2024, k12dive.com/news/house-committee-approves-25-cut-to-title-i/687934/.

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“Trump Budget Looks to Cut Nearly $7 Billion from USDA.” Farm Policy News, 3 June 2025, farmpolicynews.illinois.edu/2025/06/trump-budget-looks-to-cut-nearly-7-billion-from-usda/.

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“US Lifts Pause on Food Donations for World Food Programme.” Reuters, 11 Feb. 2025, reuters.com/world/us/us-lifts-pause-food-donations-world-food-programme-2025-02-11/.

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“H.R. 1628, Obamacare Repeal Reconciliation Act of 2017: CBO Cost Estimate.” Congressional Budget Office, 19 July 2017, cbo.gov/publication/52939.

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“American Health Care Act of 2017: CBO Estimate.” Congressional Budget Office, 13 Mar. 2017, cbo.gov/system/files/115th-congress-2017-2018/costestimate/americanhealthcareact.pdf

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Park, Emily. “CHIP Is Finally Getting Funded — After 114 Days Without a Budget.” Vox, 22 Jan. 2018, vox.com/2018/1/22/16919640/chip-funding-congress-shutdown.

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“Status of Federal Funding for CHIP and Implications for States and Families.” KFF, 10 Jan. 2018, kff.org/medicaid/fact-sheet/status-of-federal-funding-for-chip-and-implications-for-states-and-families/.

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United States v. Skrmetti. Supreme Court of the United States, 18 June 2025, supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/23-477_2cp3.pdf.

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Kates, Jennifer, et al. “What Are the Implications of the Skrmetti Ruling for Minors’ Access to Gender-Affirming Care?” KFF, 18 June 2025, kff.org/policy-watch/what-are-the-implications-of-the-skrmetti-ruling-for-minors-access-to-gender-affirming-care/.

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“Attacks on Gender-Affirming Care by State (Map).” Human Rights Campaign, July 2025, hrc.org/resources/attacks-on-gender-affirming-care-by-state-map.

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“The Trump Administration’s ‘Zero Tolerance’ Immigration Enforcement Policy.” Congressional Research Service, R45266, 2018, congress.gov/crs-product/R45266.

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“Separated Children Placed in Office of Refugee Resettlement Care.” HHS Office of Inspector General, 17 Jan. 2019, oig.hhs.gov/reports/all/2019/separated-children-placed-in-office-of-refugee-resettlement-care/.

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“DHS Lacked Technology to Track Separated Migrant Families.” DHS Office of Inspector General, OIG-20-06, 25 Nov. 2019, oig.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/assets/2019-11/OIG-20-06-Nov19.pdf.

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Popovich, Nadja, et al. “The Trump Administration Is Reversing More Than 100 Environmental Rules.” The New York Times, updated 20 Jan. 2021, nytimes.com/interactive/2020/climate/trump-environment-rollbacks.html.

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“Firearms Remain the Leading Cause of Death for Children and Teens.” Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Violence Solutions, 12 Sept. 2024, publichealth.jhu.edu/2024/guns-remain-leading-cause-of-death-for-children-and-teens.

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Cunningham, Rebecca M., et al. “Trends and Disparities in Firearm Deaths Among Children and Adolescents.” Pediatrics, vol. 152, no. 3, 2023, doi:10.1542/peds.2023-063023.

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“Fast Facts: Firearm Injury and Death.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 5 July 2024, cdc.gov/firearm-violence/data-research/facts-stats/.

Works Cited

1. “D.C. sees steep drop in violent crime in 2024.” Axios, 2 Jan. 2025.  
2. “District of Columbia | Violent Crime in D.C. Hits 30 Year Low.” U.S. Attorney’s Office, District of Columbia, 3 Jan. 2025.  
3. “District Crime Data at a Glance.” Metropolitan Police Department, D.C., 1 Jan. 2025.  
4. Hubbard, Kaia. “Trump deploys National Guard to D.C., takes control of local police in crime crackdown.” CBS News, 11 Aug. 2025.  
5. “DECLARING A CRIME EMERGENCY IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.” White House Executive Order, 11 Aug. 2025.  
6. “What Trump can – and can’t – do in his bid to take over law enforcement in DC.” Politico, 11 Aug. 2025.  
7. “The Latest: Trump says he’s placing DC police under federal control and deploying National Guard.” Associated Press, 11 Aug. 2025.  
8. “FBI dispatching agents to D.C. streets as Trump weighs calling National Guard.” Washington Post, 10 Aug. 2025.  
9. “Trump vowed to make D.C. ‘safe and beautiful.’ Here’s what’s happened.” Washington Post, 6 Aug. 2025.  

 Reuters, 12 Aug. 2025.**https://www.reuters.com/world/us/white-house-lead-review-some-smithsonian-museums-2025-08-12/Reports on the Trump administration’s announcement of a “comprehensive internal review” of certain Smithsonian museums. Details the White House’s stated goal of removing “divisive” or “partisan” narratives and aligning exhibits with the president’s vision of American exceptionalism. This directly substantiates the article’s opening description of the August 12 announcement.Ruane, Michael E. “Trump Orders Smithsonian to Eliminate ‘Improper Ideology.’” The Washington Post, 27 Mar. 2025.https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2025/03/27/trump-issues-executive-order-eliminate-anti-american-ideology-smithsonian/Covers the March 27 executive order “Restoring Truth and Sanity to American History”, outlining mandates to remove what the administration calls “improper ideology” from Smithsonian exhibits, restore certain monuments, and bar transgender inclusion in the American Women’s History Museum. This source anchors the discussion of the EO’s ideological and structural changes.“White House Review of Smithsonian Museums.” CBS News, 12 Aug. 2025.**https://www.cbsnews.com/news/white-house-review-smithsonian-museums-trump/Provides additional context on the White House letter to Smithsonian Secretary Lonnie Bunch, including deadlines for submitting exhibition plans, inventories, and content revisions. Supports the article’s description of the administration’s timelines and “content correction” directives.“Restoring Truth and Sanity to American History.” Executive Order 14253, White House, 27 Mar. 2025.**https://www.cbcfinc.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Restoring-Truth-and-Sanity-to-American-History.pdfFull text of the executive order, confirming provisions to reinstate monuments removed after 2020, prohibit transgender recognition in specific museum contexts, and direct congressional and budgetary influence over Smithsonian programming. Used to verify direct quotations and policy language in the article.Horton, Alex. “Arlington Cemetery’s Confederate Memorial to Be Reinstalled.” The Washington Post, 7 Aug. 2025.https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2025/08/07/arlington-cemetery-confederate-memorial-statue-hegseth/Documents the planned reinstallation of the Confederate Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery. Demonstrates the real-world application of the EO’s directive to restore monuments removed for their racist or oppressive symbolism, which the article frames as part of the administration’s revisionist approach.Maldonado, Sofia. “Trump Orders Smithsonian to Remove ‘Improper Ideology.’” People, 27 Mar. 2025.https://people.com/trump-orders-smithsonian-remove-improper-ideology-museums-11705199Summarizes key points from the executive order, with emphasis on its targeting of “race-centered ideology” and exclusion of transgender women. This supports the article’s description of the administration’s culture war priorities embedded in the Smithsonian overhaul.